![]() GDG is an employee of Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, and therefore Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics played a role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have read the journal's policy and have the following conflicts. These funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript. “Fondi Ateneo ex 60%/2008” from the Ministry of Education, University and Research (recipient MT). 5AD/F3 from the Italian Ministry of Health (recipient MM) and by Grant no. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.įunding: This work was supported in part by Grant no. ![]() Received: JAccepted: MaPublished: April 12, 2012Ĭopyright: © 2012 Marinaro et al. Halford, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, United States of America (2012) A Caprine Herpesvirus 1 Vaccine Adjuvanted with MF59™ Protects against Vaginal Infection and Interferes with the Establishment of Latency in Goats. Thus, a vaccine composed of inactivated CpHV-1 plus MF59™ as adjuvant was strongly immunogenic and induced effective immunity against vaginal CpHV-1 infection in goats.Ĭitation: Marinaro M, Rezza G, Del Giudice G, Colao V, Tarsitano E, Camero M, et al. Detection and quantitation of latent CpHV-1 DNA in sacral ganglia in challenged goats revealed that the inactivated CpHV-1 plus MF59™ vaccine was able to significantly reduce the latent viral load when compared either to the naïve goats or to the goats vaccinated with inactivated CpHV-1 in the absence of adjuvant. Goats vaccinated with inactivated CpHV-1 in the absence of adjuvant exhibited a less severe disease when compared to naïve goats but shed titers of challenge virus that were similar to those of naïve goats. Vaginal disease was not detected in goats vaccinated with inactivated CpHV-1 plus MF59™ and these animals had undetectable levels of infectious challenge virus in their vaginal washes. A vaginal challenge with virulent CpHV-1 was performed in all vaccinated goats and in naïve goats to assess the efficacy of the two vaccines. On the other hand, control goats receiving the inactivated CpHV-1 vaccine without adjuvant produced only low serum antibody responses. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) stimulated in vitro with inactivated CpHV-1 produced high levels of soluble IFN-gamma and exhibited high frequencies of IFN-gamma producing cells while soluble IL-4 was undetectable. Following two subcutaneous immunizations, goats developed high titers of CpHV-1-specific serum and vaginal IgG and high serum virus neutralization (VN) titers. The immunogenicity and the efficacy of a beta-propiolactone-inactivated caprine herpesvirus 1 (CpHV-1) vaccine adjuvanted with MF59™ were tested in goats.
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